รูปแบบการบริหารจัดการเมืองท่องเที่ยวชายแดนอย่างยั่งยืนเพื่อรองรับการเปิดเสรีเศรษฐกิจอาเซียน

Abstract

The objective of this research was to study problems and impacts on border town in the ASEAN economic liberalization together with studying the potential of border town management to leverage the sustainable tourism at the national, local and community levels in order to support the ASEAN economic liberalization. This study was conducted in the Chiang Khong border area, Chiang Khong District, Chiang Rai province, Thailand. The tools used were questionnaires, interview forms, surveys, focus group. Samples in the quantitative research part were 398 people in the area using stratified sampling methods. Samples for the qualitative research part were 135 stakeholders in the border town area using random sampling method. All samples were from local organizations, government agencies, private sector and civil society. The study indicated problems and impacts on border town in releasing the ASEAN economic liberalization. The border town of Chiang Khong had been affected by the ASEAN economic liberalization, both in positive and negative impacts. With the positive impact from the liberalization of the ASEAN economy, it supported on the economy, the overall income generated from trade through the border trading. But villagers in the area did not receive direct benefits themselves. As for the negative impacts, it was found that there were impacts on the physical, economic and social impacts. There were forest area invasion, the expansion of border town without direction, the tourist attractions in the area had not been developed to accommodate tourists. There were environmental decadence, also people living with reduced income, but high cost of living. As well as in the area, outside investment was attracted to involve, those caused the foreigners and migrant workers problems. And also a problem about the local people life-style had changed. It can be seen that the negative occurred effects were mainly caused by the border town's unbalanced and unsustainable management. Considering the 3 issues of balancing sustainability focusing in 3 aspects: 1) economic aspects 2) social aspects and 3) environmental aspects, the study concluded that Chiang Khong focused only in the economic development aspect. Also, various agencies within the area were unable to effectively manage the border town, which corresponded to the results of the border town potential management assessment The assessment found that the government agencies and related sectors lacked of the capacity to manage border tourism town on knowledge, attitudes, skills and core competencies. Therefore, those leaded to proposing the practical and appropriate management model for the Chiang Khong border town. This study proposed a sustainable model of Chiang Khong tourism city management in 3 levels, which consisted of 11 main components as follows: This study proposed a sustainable model of Chiang Khong tourism city management in 3 levels, which consisted of 11 main components as follows: The National Level consisted of 4 components: 1) There should be a framework for determining the sustainable use of cultural and natural resources in the border town area (Good Management), 2) There should be the integrated working in all sectors in the management of the area (Integration), 3) The international and the national agencies should have the shared vision and concept of managing the border town in the same direction, and should have a clear and practical management policy 4) Granting an authority to manage the border town under the management of local agencies by appointing a sustainable border town development committee, in order to be a representative to support the mission in developing the local border town area (Committee). The local level: Consisted of 4 components, which were 1) Assigning a concrete working group for the development of the tourism town (Assignment) 2)Building a common understanding of the border town development team to all sectors (Knowledge) 3) Conducting a concrete development plan for the Chiang Khong border town including coordinating and following various policies about the area development (Organization) 4) Focusing on developing tourism to meet international standards, to achieve high quality sustainable urban tourism in the area (Hi Quality). The community level: consisted of 3 components: 1) Cultivating and creating awareness of the entry into the ASEAN community for people in the area (Heart) 2) Focusing on the resources preservation within the area which was an important cost of tourism, and regarding the traditional life-style of people in the urban area (Natural) 3) Collaborating in the management of the border town tourism among all sectors in the area (Network).