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Abstract

Minor Thesis TitleA study of the impacts and adaptation of farmers to the outbreak of round leaf spot disease in Khok Pho District, Pattani ProvinceAuthorPanarat KongmailikField of StudyAgribusiness ManagementAcademic year2023AbstractThis research aimed to study 1) the social and economic characteristics of the rubber farmers; 2) the characteristics of rubber plantations and the outbreaks of round leaf spot disease; 3) the impacts of the outbreak of round leaf spot disease on the farmers; and 4) the adaptation of farmers to the outbreak of round leaf spot disease in the study area. Data were collected from 120 rubber farmers who were affected by the outbreak of round leaf spot disease in the study area. The analysis used descriptive statistics and a Paired sample t-Test for quantitative analysis.The results revealed that most of the farmers are male. They are 56.28 years old on average. The majority are Buddhists, married, and have a junior high school education. The farmers grow rubber for their main occupations. Their secondary occupations include other agricultural activities, namely growing vegetables, fruit gardening (durian, longkong, and mangosteen), and oil palm plantations. The average income from rubber was 8,025.00 THB per month, and their savings accounted for 11,995.83 THB. The farmers use their own capital for agricultural investment. Their average debt was 81,250.00 THB. The main reason for making a loan was for household expenses. Most of them received loans from the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC).Farmers have an average rubber plantation area of 12.64 rai per household. All are owned land. Most of the rubber plantation areas are flat. The rubber variety is RRIM600. The average age of rubber trees is 13.83 years. The farmers use a rubber tapping system three days a week and sell rubber in the form of fresh latex. The farmers applied both chemical and organic fertilizers. As for chemical fertilizers, they used the formula 20-8-20, which is suitable for rubber-growing areas in the lower southern region. Chemical fertilizer was applied once per year, averaging 8.18 sacks. The organic fertilizer was applied once per year, averaging 2.15 sacks. To control weeds, the farmers used a lawn mower. So far, the farmers have not yet dealt with rubber disease.In Thailand, the first report about the outbreak of round leaf spot disease was in September 2019, which is consistent with the study results. The disease was first discovered in the study area in 2019. The results of observing the symptoms of round leaf spot disease found that the severity of the disease symptoms was at the highest level (X ? = 4.27). On the old leaves, which are the first symptom of the disease, the symptoms of burn scars round, with black edges and more than one spot were found. The level of observation results was at the highest level (X ? = 4.61). The symptom of old leaves with burn scars falling off is the next symptom that appears after the rubber leaves start to have burn scars. The level of observation results was at the highest level (X ? = 4.37). The symptom that all the leaves are falling and only the branches are left is the most severe symptom, and the rubber tree may die. The level of observation results is at the highest level (X ? = 4.23). As for the symptoms, which are round with black edges and occur in large numbers on the back of old leaves and occur at the same time as the initial symptoms but are more severe, the level of observation results is at a high level (X ? = 4.18). Regarding the lesions on the leaves, they develop into pale white tissue, which is a symptom that continues from the initial stage, but when the fungus is repeatedly attacked, it turns into pale white tissue. The level of observation results was at a high level (X ? = 4.11). The symptoms of yellow leaves with burn marks fall on the ground, and most of these symptoms fall along with old leaves, the level of observation results is at a high level (X ? = 4.09).About the rubber yield, the average amount of latex obtained before round leaf spot disease was 199.25 kg per rai per year with an average DRC of 34.38%, and the average amount of latex obtained after round leaf spot disease was 146.38 kg per rai per year with an average DRC of 31.64%. Round leaf spot disease causes more than 90% of rubber's leaves to fall, affecting growth and latex production. As a result, the yield decreased by 30�50%. Therefore, the farmers� income decreased from 99,037.50 THB to 72,225.00 THB per rai per year after rubber was attacked by round leaf spot disease. When the rubber trees deteriorate, little latex yield will be produced. Consequently, the farmers must stop tapping to preserve rubber trees. As for the average rubber plantation expense, it was 2,250.48 and 2,161.08 THB per rai per year before and after the disease, respectively. It revealed that farmers had higher expenses on rubber plantations before the disease than after the disease. This is because during this disease period, the price of chemical fertilizers is high. As a result, farmers decided to use fewer chemical fertilizers and switched to organic fertilizers instead. Therefore, there is an increase in organic fertilizer costs. Round leaf spot disease prevention and eradication are still difficult for the farmers to manage. This is partly because the farmers understand that they can still tap rubber.After the outbreaks of round leaf spot disease, the farmers have adjusted both in rubber production and in creating additional income. Farmers pay more attention to the maintenance of rubber plantations by following the recommendations of the Rubber Research Institute. Moreover, there has been a change from monoculture farming to mixed farming to generate additional income for the household.

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????2566??????????????????????????????????????????? (1) ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (2) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (3) ??????????????????????????????????????? ??? (4) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? 120 ??? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? Paired sample t-Test?????????? ????? ????????????????????????? ???????????? 56.28 ?? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? (??????? ?????? ??????) ????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? 8,025.00 ??????????? ??????????????? 11,995.83 ??? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? 81,250.00 ??? ????????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 12.64 ??????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? RRIM600 ???????????????????? 13.83 ?? ??????????? 3 ????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? 20-8-20 ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? 1 ????? ?????? 8.18 ??????????? ???????????????????????? 1 ????? ?????? 2.15 ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2562 ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??? ?? 2562 ?????????????????????????????? ????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (X ? = 4.27) ?????????????????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? 1 ??? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? (X ? = 4.61) ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? (X ? = 4.37) ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? (X ? = 4.23) ?????????????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? (X ? = 4.18) ???????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? (X ? = 4.11) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? (X ? = 4.09)????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????? 199.25 ??????????????????? % DRC ?????? 34.38 % ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????? 146.38 ??????????????????? % DRC ?????? 31.64 % ??????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????? 90 ????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 30-50 ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????? 99,037.50 ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? 72,225.00 ?????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? 2,250.48 ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????? 2,161.08 ?????????????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????